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The Black Death had a profound effect on medieval culture, and dominated art and literature throughout the generation that experienced it. Black Death, known at the time as the "Great Pestilence" or the "Great Plague", or simply as "The Plague", peaked in Europe between 1348 and 1350, although smaller outbreaks continued to surface across the Continent until the 17th Century, and the threat of the pandemic returning was present throughout the Late Middle Ages. Although contemporary chronicles are often regarded by historians as the most realistic portrayals of the Black Death, the effects of such a large-scale shared experience on the population of Europe influenced poetry, prose, stage works, music and artwork throughout the period, as evidenced by writers such as Chaucer, Boccaccio, Petrarch and artists such as Holbein. ==Chronicles== Much of the most useful manifestations of the Black Death in literature, to historians, comes from the accounts of its chroniclers; contemporary accounts are often the only real way to get a sense of the horror of living through a disaster on such a scale. A few of these chroniclers were famous writers, philosophers and rulers (like Boccaccio and Petrarch). Their writings, however, did not reach the majority of the European population. For example, Petrarch's work was read mainly by wealthy nobles and merchants of Italian city-states. He wrote hundreds of letters and vernacular poetry of great distinction and passed on to later generations a revised interpretation of courtly love. There was, however, one troubadour, writing in the lyric style long out of fashion, who was active in 1348. Peire Lunel de Montech composed the sorrowful ''sirventes'' "Meravilhar no·s devo pas las gens" during the height of the plague in Toulouse. Although romances continued to be popular throughout the period, the courtly tradition began to face increasing competition from ordinary writers who became involved in producing gritty realist literature, inspired by their Black Death experiences. This was a new phenomenon, made possible because vernacular education and literature, as well as the study of Latin and classical antiquity, flourished widely, making the written word steadily more accessible during the fourteenth century. For example, Agnolo di Tura, of Siena, records his experience: The scene Di Tura describes is repeated over and over again all across Europe. In Sicily, Gabriele de' Mussi, a notary, tells of the early spread from the Crimea: Henry Knighton tells of the plague's coming to England: Friar John Clyn witnessed its effects in Leinster, after its spread to Ireland in August 1348:〔Williams, Dr. Bernadette. (2007).''The Annals of Ireland by Friar John Clyn''. Dublin: Four Courts Press. ISBN 978-1-84682-034-2〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Black Death in medieval culture」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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